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9mm, vs .40 S&W, vs .45 ACP
1: It is a NATO round. It is prevalent and cheap to shoot. Cheaper means more rounds down range. It is military and heavily used by law enforcement.
2: It has the least recoil of the three calibers...9mm is poppy...the .40 S&W is snappy... The .45 ACP is pushy. This makes it more comfortable for my wife to shoot. She will shoot it; therefore she will train with it. Lower recoil tends to equal better control-ability. You can get back on target faster.
3: Magazine capacity 9mm takes this category M&P9 vs M&P40 17+1 vs 15+1
4: Penetration: The 9mm has better penetration of the three.
5: Energy: It is the "weakest" in energy of the three, but that is relative because of the overlap amongst the three calibers.
Definitions:
Foot Pounds (ft/lbs): It is the energy transferred on applying a force of 1 pound-force (lbf) through a displacement of 1 foot.